Cologne was raised to a 'colony' (hence the name), with city
status by the Romans in 50 AD, and was later absorbed into the
Gallic Empire, becoming the capital from 260-271. The city was
highly prized by both of these communities, due mainly to its
location on the River Rhine, which placed it at the intersection of
the major trade routes east and west, and was the basis of
Cologne's growth. In addition to this, several saints were martyred
in the city and the relics of the Three Magi were acquired from
Milan. Cologne then also became a centre of ecclesiastical
importance, as well as a pilgrimage centre, meaning the city
continued to prosper in the middle ages as a result. Following a
slight decline in the city's fortunes, Cologne experienced
something of a renaissance in the 18th century with a recipe
involving distilling flower blossoms in alcohol. This 'toilet
water' achieved worldwide fame as eau de Cologne.
Although Cologne was badly damaged in the Second World War, the
Cathedral survived, and extensive restoration work has since taken
place throughout the city. In the modern age Cologne has reclaimed
its old role as a major trade and business centre - now a radio and
television metropolis, and a beer city, with over twenty breweries
producing Kölsch, the distinctive local beer. Whilst in Cologne you
really ought to visit the vast Cathedral. The foundation stone was
laid in 1248, and it was finally completed in 1880. Called "the
mother of all German churches", it is one of the largest Gothic
structures ever built, and its size reflects its power - it is the
seat of the Primate of Germany. The Cathedral was awarded UNESCO
World Heritage status in 1996, and today you can see the relics of
the Three Magi, and climb the south tower for a spectacular view of
the city and the Rhine.
Sightseeing in Cologne
Cologne's Old Town, which has been carefully restored to
preserve its pre-war appearance, is also a joy to discover. It
spreads from just south of the Cathedral to the bank of the Rhine.
Here you can admire the tall and narrow pastel-coloured houses, set
out along the Old Town's winding streets, as you wander to the
Rhine Promenade for a stroll along the river. There are many
traditional brewery taverns close to the Old Town, all of which
serve Kölsch beer - brewed only in Cologne. You may wish to visit
at least one of these to sample the beer for yourself.
If you have the time to explore further, Cologne boasts an
assemblage of both Roman and medieval remains that is unsurpassed
in Germany. For example Eigelsteintor, one of the three surviving
magnificent city gates, is a short distance north. The other gates,
Severinstor and Hahnentor, are further afield but also worth a
visit.
